Sigmund Freud Theory free essay sample

This socialisation takes place through parents’ rewarding good behaviour and punishing bad behaviour. However, the parents are not always â€Å"in control† of their own feelings. Sometimes they allow their own feelings of frustration and disappointment show (based in their feelings of inadequacy formed because of perceived pressures from other parents). The parent rewards the child for behaviour that is â€Å"approved†. Displays of anger or even violence demonstrate the parent’s disappointment. The child enjoys the warm feeling of satisfaction. The child feels guilt and shame at â€Å"letting its parent down†.These feelings of shame and guilt become established in the psyche as the conscience. 2 Conscience Freud The Conscience at Work A person brought up in a strictly Christian family can experience powerful feelings of guilt if (or when! ) they begin to reject some of the values that they have been brought up to hold. Peter was brought up in a strongly Presbyterian family. We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When he was a child, he attended Church twice every Sunday.  § The minister’s sermons would be delivered in powerful tones – the theme would usually be the punishment in hell waiting for the unrighteous. He would be made to wear his uncomfortable â€Å"Sunday Best† – there would be no Television, or toys or games. The day was spent in silent contemplation, Bible study or discussion groups.  § Many topics were â€Å"taboo† – particularly sex. Alcohol was banned. The women in the Church dressed modestly, and expected their daughters to dress the same. When Peter leaves home, and begins to experience aspects of the World previously forbidden to him, he may feel a certain guilt. For example, Peter’s first experience of alcohol may not simply leave him with a powerful hangover.He may also feel guilt. This feeling of guilt may (or may not) affect his decision making in future encounters with the demon drink.  § These guilt feelings will be particularly powerful when linked to sexuality.  § In particular, homosexuality, masturbation and sex outside of the marriage bond would give rise to guilt feelings. The Christian Church appears to have behaved in such a way as to support Freud’s theory. St Augustine and St Paul are accused of establishing a climate of sexual repression through their teachings about sexuality:  §  §St Paul writes at length about the correct setting for a sexual relationship – in particular he argues that marriage can be used as a safety valve for the sex-drive. St Augustine provides a clearer example of the way that guilt can lead to a puritanical view of sex. St Augustine’s mother was a devout Christian. Augustine grew to resent her views, and as he grew he began to â€Å"experiment† with life. During his early years, he joined a sect (almost like joining a cult today). He travelled to Milan to study rhetoric, and took a lover (she later gave birth to a Son by him). However, he began to feel increasingly uncomfortable about his hedonistic lifestyle. He began to look for less physical answers to his feelings, and at a particularly low moment had a conversion experience. On his return to North Africa he was (forcibly) ordained Bishop of Hippo, and he began writing some of the most influential works in Christian literature. 3 Conscience Freud With reference to sexual intercourse, Augustine is quoted as saying â€Å"men should go to their task with reluctance†. Augustine also argued that the best relationship within a marriage was one of celibacy.His teachings affected Christian attitudes to sexuality.  § This has led to a repression of sexuality within Christianity – the Church appeared to consider sexuality to be innately sinful. Freud argues that this disapproval of sexuality has caused the repression of feelings of shame, leading to neurotic behaviour. The guilt felt by a person causes them to behave in a certain way. Does this mean that there is no place for God in Freud’s view of the Conscience? Freud’s argument is based on the idea that the Conscience is manufactured from experiences and conditioning.Aquinas and Butler argue for a more God-given conscience. There has not been a satisfactory attempt to explain how Freud’s version of the conscience can have God as its source – the best would appear to be that God provided the structure in which the conscience develops. Modern developments in Freud’s theory. Psychology now argues for a two-level conscience. The ego forms a more mature The super-ego forms an conscience. It seeks to achieve under-developed conscience. a form of self-identity based on This is based on the mass of value and worth. The ego tries experiences of shame and guilt. o develop a â€Å"world-view† for The super-ego causes the the person which informs his person to behave like a child – direction through life. seeking approval, or obeying rules without question. It is possible to reintroduce the role of God into the development of the conscience. The mature conscience seeks to establish self-identity based on ideas of value. Many philosophers have argued that the highest value is that of the greatest good (the Summum Bonum). Some even identify God with the highest good – it could therefore be argued that as the mature conscience is striving for the highest good. 4

Global Technological Advancements of Social Networking Sites

Global Technological Advancements of Social Networking Sites The recent global technological advancements have led to many changes in the ways people interact due to the development of social networking sites. A social networking site refers to a web-based service that allows people to create semi-public or public profiles, connect with other users of the website besides viewing and traversing their list of connections and those made by others within the website’s system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Technological Advancements of Social Networking Sites specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first social networking site to be established was ‘Friendster’ in 2002 followed by ‘LinkedIn’ and ‘Bebo’. Others include ‘Facebook’ and ‘MySpace’ invented in 2004 and 2005 respectively. The sites are growing exponentially in popularity around the globe as millions of people continue to join the internet commun ity. Despite the popularity of the social networking sites, I have not considered using any of them in the near future since the use of social networking sites has a negative effect on relationships. When used for a prolonged period, the sites enhance social isolation although they seem to bring people closer through their web-based interactions. The sole factor that causes the social isolation is the satisfaction that people tend to get through the sites once they communicate with their friends and family especially in cases of geographical separation. This communication hinders face-to-face interactions among people. With time, the bond associated with one-on-one communication weakens. Research has shown that, this form of isolation can lead to psychological, mental as well as mental problems such as depression, anxiety and somatic complaints among others. For instance, couples in long distance romantic relationships will tend to be unfaithful if they rely exclusively on web-based communication over the social sites for a long period. Social networking sites are time consuming. The users of social sites spend a lot of time updating their profiles and communicating with the other users within their social circle. This detracts them form the time they should have spend in other activities. Instead of concentrating on the activities assigned by their parents, most teens spend most of their time in the social networking sites posing a risk to their relationship with their parents. For students, increased use of the social sites leads to poor academic performance, which negatively affects their relationship with not only their teachers but also with their parents. People who tend to use most of their time in web-based communications may become addicted. Just like any other form of addiction, the social site(s) detaches one from the rest of the society including his/her family. Though social networking sites promise to protect an individual’s information, t his is not always the case. The privacy settings of most of the sites are dynamic. Owing to the fact that many people are in constant search of a fake identity, they may get access to a user’s information. Such people use one’s personal information such as name, area of residence and education level to fake their identity-profile.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They may use the stolen identity to post illegal materials as well as other inappropriate materials in the website. This tarnishes the image of the victim(s), which may lead to the development of a sour relationship with his/her friends. The inappropriate use of one’s identity has made many marriages around the globe to break. It is unfortunate that it takes a relatively long time before on realizes that someone else has stolen his/her identity for some illegal or rather inappropriate reaso ns. In addition, identity theft leads to the development of sour relationships between employers and employees. This occurs when one posts certain information to social networking sites that may tarnish the image of a given organization or an employer. It creates enmity between the victim and his/her employer, which may lead to the loss of his/her job in the organization. Children may unknowingly post confidential information about their family on the sites without the knowledge of the parents. Once the parents discover that their child exposed some family secrets, the child may face a hard time trying to explain it to the parents. Researchers have reported that many family secrets have found their way to the internet, which has had a negative impact on the relationship between parents and their children. Some parents have forced their children to close their accounts in the social networking sites in an attempt to restore the broken relationship. In the recent past, researchers hav e reported increased cases of cyber bullying. Interactions over the social networking sites are the basis of most forms of cyber bullying. It involves the use of social networking sites to threaten and embarrass other people. It is a common phenomenon among teens. In adults, such acts are referred to as cyber-harassment or cyber stalking which have legal implications. Research has shown that one in every three teens has been a victim of cyber bullying. The cyber bullies could be classmates or even neighbors. They cause a lot of emotional and psychological stress to the victims. In the extreme cases, the victims may end up committing suicide. The impact is not only on the victims but also on the bullies since they are bound to undergo some form of punishment either within the family or within the institution in question. It is therefore evident that the use of social networking sites has a negative effect on relationships not only within family settings but also within other institut ions/organizations in the society.

Charismatic Leaders And Their Influence On Supporters Management Essay

Charismatic Leaders And Their Influence On Supporters Management Essay Abstract A charismatic leader is the one who influence supporters with a lively, attractive persona, typically through stimulating sayings. One of the great examples of a charismatic leader is Martin Luther King. One way to enlighten charismatic leadership is to compare it with idea leadership. The former is the victory of method over matter as the later is just the contrary. In consideration leadership, matter or substance is ruler! Public follow charismatic leaders nearly despite of the substance of their communication whereas thoughtful leaders contain solid proof to sway public. The Charismatic Leader collects supporters from stain of persona and appeal, in comparison to any other type of exterior control or power. It is fascinating to see a Charismatic Leader ‘working the room’ the way they go from individual to individual. They give so much notice to the individual they are chatting to at any one minute, realizing that individual their importance, as he or she is the most significant individual in this world. â€Å"Charismatic Leaders give a huge amount of consideration in analyzing and interpreting their surroundings, and they are very fine at judging the nature and behavior of both folks and even of bigger crowd. After that they will try to sharpen their procedures and language to go with the circumstances† (Conger, kanungo, 1998) Introduction Charismatic Leaders apply an ample variety of techniques to handle their figure and, if one is not a charismatic leader by birth, they have to develop those skills and attitude frequently to enhance their existing skills even. They could create faith in the course of noticeable selflessness and going through personal risks on the behalf of their thinking. They always demonstrate huge belief in their supporters. Most of them are very influential and try making very efficient use of body language as well as spoken language to convey their meanings and thoughts. Purposeful charisma can be seen an d understood in dramatic sense, leader can be seen as ‘playing to the house’ to develop a preferred result. Storytelling and making the use of sign and symbol is one the best way to communicate thoughts and ideas. Politicians are often in a habit of following and applying a charismatic style, as they have to assemble a huge number of followers and supporters. By watching videos, listening speeches of charismatic leaders and seeing the way they communicate, interact with others, one can increase their charisma and it will help in developing their existed skills. Many religious leaders also use charisma as the way to communicate, network and influence their followers. Charismatic Leaders, those are developing a group, no matters if it is a political group, a religious or a corporate panel, will always concentrate on developing the group that stands apart from the crowd, and it has to be unique and different, with remarkable appearance. The image of this group as an impact on the minds of followers, therefore it has to be presented as advanced and greater than all other groups. The explanation on top is completely relied on charisma and takes into consideration changeable ethical ways. Most of the other explanations lean to presume a more compassionate belief.

Research paper "New Zealand" Examintation of its business

"New Zealand" Examintation of its business practices - Research Paper Example In the country, the normal business hours are from 8.30 am to 5pm from Monday to Friday. For some businesses, they open on Saturday but not on Sunday and the normal business hours are usually from 9am to 12.30 pm. When intending to meet any business associate, individuals are advised to make an appointment in advance and business meetings are expected to start just after a few minutes of a small talk (Collins, Roper, & Lawrence, 2010). Trust in the business world in New Zealand is considered as a very important factor. Thus, individuals are encouraged to cultivate and build trusting relationships. If an individual’s indicates to a colleague some reasons not to trust them, then it becomes very difficult to rebuild the trust back. Business transaction’s, presentations and negotiations needs to be clear and on the point without a lot of flowery languages, as such practices are frowned upon. Often business negotiations are expected to take time without rush or the application of unnecessary pressure to force the deal through in order to make a sale in an effort of retaining the customer and convincing them appropriately in the right manner (Campbell-Allen, Houston, & Mann, 2008). According to Collins et al., (2010) the New Zealand business community does not allow haggling. In this regards when doing business, it is important not to start with high prices expecting to bargain downwards. Rather business p ersons need to start with realistic figures that provide the customer the required value for their money or they will opt for other alternative options. The accepted language for doing business is English, and very few organizations, and companies will use another language unless the particular language is specifically required for a delegates meeting or an event. When doing business in the country, first impressions are considered important. Therefore, when

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Business - Essay Example In addition, he terminated a central IT steering committee and replaced it with another new structure that pushed IT investment decisions to the line organizations. However, these operations were coordinated by the centralized IT organization. A web based service system (Cisco.com) was the primary style in use at the network level so as to spread company’s operations all across the globe. At the data level, the company employed a client-funded-project (CFP) system. This system mainly strengthened each function to control its own IT budgets. The company’s IT department enabled easy integration with acquired business organizations. To conclude, Cisco spent whatever needed on IT aiming at the operational efficiency of the organization. 2. Cisco faced many difficulties with its internal IT by 2001. The September 11 terrorist attacks and resultant internet bubble burst greatly added to the technology failure in Cisco. Lack of common order-status tool was the man issue that c aused severe issues with Cisco’s internal IT. Although, the company had nine different order-status tools at the end of 2001, none of them were providing the desired outcomes. Therefore, the company pumped more and more money toward the development of such customized tools. However, it was necessary to have some efficient customized tools so as to instantaneously check the order-status while interacting with the customers. Therefore, each company business leader separately paid to get some efficient tools that looked up data about customer orders. â€Å"As a result, each of the tools pulled data from different sources that used different definitions for key terms† (Mac Fee et al, 4). This situation caused some confusion in the organization since the multiple databases created conflicts in order-status reports. It was also observed that IT decisions were made without practicing centralized group checking for conflicts and redundancies. Similarly, lack of centralized pla nning was another major problem that had intensified Cisco’s internal IT difficulties. In the case of ERP system also, many groups had built specialized tools. Hence, the Cisco faced many difficulties to upgrade a newer version of the ERP system as it necessitated the disablement of a number of custom interfaces. As a result, the ERP system did not help more in this situation. 3. The Business Process Operating Committee (BPOC) was a cross functional decision making group established by Cisco in late 2002. This committee included major persons at the helm of affairs of the Cisco. The major objective of this group was to set and drive corporate priorities for the company. The BPOC management team mainly focused on its enterprise-wide productivity. As stated in the given case (7), so as to facilitate this function, the BPOC’s leadership dealt with formulation of key operational policy decisions, alignment of similar initiatives across the company, development of Ciscoâ₠¬â„¢s corporate business process framework, and enforcement of decisions with attention to execution and accountability. It must be noted that the BPOC was not established for funding the economic operations of Cisco. On the other hand, its main intention was to provide effective recommendations for the Cisco’s management regarding the company’s IT spending. The BPOC had a precise authority over the company operations since it dealt with projects that were

Importance of History in George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) :: Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essays

The Importance of History in 1984 Â   Time is an amazing element of the universe we are in. It is a driving force - we cannot speed it up or slow it down, it perpetually marches forward at a constant speed. After a moment in time has past, it becomes the past, and we have absolutely no way of going back to it to experience it again in a new way. Once time has past, all that remains is our perception of it. History is nothing more than our collective perceptions of the past. And perception is not like time - it is not constant, it can be altered. In George Orwell's 1984, the leaders of the Party use written records to alter the peoples' perception of history, ultimately as a means of control. Â   Everyone has different perceptions of the same reality. Everything that we experience is altered by our individual perceptions. There is one reality, but each person experiences slightly different versions of that reality. The source or reason for this is the individual experiences of each person. Everything we experience in our lives piles up to form our past. Our memory brings back experiences from this heap of the past. These memories combine with the reality we are experiencing in the present to form our individual perception of reality. Â   Everything is perceived differently by each person, and different perceptions of reality vary greatly. An potato is a completely different thing to a farmer and a chef. The idea of music is completely different to a musician and a deaf person. Hitler was a completely different person to a Nazi and a Jew. Even though there is really only one real idea of a potato, one definition of music, and one Hitler, many different realities of these exist within people's perception. Â   History is convoluted by perception. There are two ways of looking at history: through our own memories and perception, and through that of others. It is impossible to preserve history in its ideal form. If we look at history through our own memories, we will not see the reality of history, we will see our individual version of the reality. The same thing happens when we look at history through the memories and perception of others. Media is sometimes used to preserve history, but even this is only a perceived version of history.

Am Certain and It Is Certain

Two very specific different messages are conveyed when one says â€Å"l am certain† versus â€Å"it is certain. When one says â€Å"l am certain,† it is understood by the recipient to mean that the individual is in the highest mental state of being without a doubt. However, this differs from â€Å"It Is certain† because the word â€Å"It† Implies a consensus genteel, an agreement, without a doubt, between many humans In making a knowledge claim. In both cases a knowledge claim Is being made with confidence, but one person's certainty Is based on the Individual's perception, Intuition. Season or emotion, whereas a whole group of mankind making a knowledge claim depends on many different people's perceptions, reasons, and emotions. Since a great number of people consists of many individuals and their unique perceptions, reasons, and emotions, when a knowledge claim is made by all, the claim is transferred from simply a belief to a Justified belief. However, even though the number of people may vary from one to many, we must take into consideration the fact that there are various degrees of certainty.How would one quantify amount of certainty one holds, or be able to create a universal scale for measuring degrees of certainty? Certainty within a people or an individual can have been rooted from many efferent factors, of which one is passionate conviction. The question, addressing passionate conviction, Inquires whether It Is ever sufficient for Justifying knowledge claim. The question Is Implying whether passionate conviction alone, not Including reason, is sufficient for justifying knowledge claims.Passionate conviction that does not take root in reason must be coming from solely the emotional state, which is not sufficient for Justifying knowledge in most cases because further evidence should be presented and should be able to be agreed upon from one's perception (if possible ND reason. â€Å"l am passionately convinced that daffodi ls bloom in the springtime† is a knowledge claim that is based on reason and perception, which fuel the passionate conviction.However, passionate conviction that isn't based on other ways of knowing is usually not sufficient for Justifying claims. However, there are a few instances where passionate convictions may be sufficient for Justifying knowledge. Since passionate conviction Is rooted In emotion, an emotion can dictate your passionate conviction. If I feel empathy for someone being treated abusively, my passionate invention may be enough to Justify my â€Å"knowledge† that the other person desires to not De put tongue ten solution.However, tender are, again many Deterrent levels AT passionate conviction. How would you measure the degree of passionate conviction? Furthermore, is one basis for passionate conviction more valuable than another basis for passionate conviction, and does that change the strength of one's passionate conviction? These are a few knowledge i ssues that need to be identified and taken into consideration when deciding whether passionate conviction is sufficient for justifying knowledge.